1. Abstract
1.1. Background: Hospital admission for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) increased in cold months indicate that ambient temperature might be associated with UGB.

1. Abstract
1.1. Objective: To investigate whether chitinase-3-like protein-1 (YKL-40) promotes the development of anorectal mucosal melanoma through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

1. Introduction
Japan’s economy recovered to the pre-war level in 1955 and start- ed to grow very fast to the end of the century. South Korea was some 20 years behind Japan, due to Korean War (1950-53) but grew fast to be on a par with Japan in the first of the current cen- tury. Children in the two countries grew in height appreciably in accordance with the economic development but Japanese children ceased to grow to plateau in height in the 1990s and the Korean peers also quit growing taller at all after having overtaken their Japanese peers by 3-4 cm in mean height in the mid-2000s, when the economy still prospered. One tends to assume that Japanese and Koreans as well had depleted their gene potentials in height [1].

1. Abstract
1.1. Background: Covid-19 has become the culprit for many cases of acute respiratory failure. However, some cardiogenic pathologies such as acute mitral regurgitation can present with similar clinical scenario. Mitral valve insufficiency is a known cause of respiratory failure, and if not diagnosed quickly, can lead to increased mortality.

1. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, known as Hyperglycaemia. Its results from the body’s inability to
effectively utilize or produce insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar. Diabetes is a complex condition with multiple forms, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes, each with distinct etiologies and pathophysiological mechanisms.