Volume 13

1. Summary A foreign body [FB, from the Latin corpus alienum] refers to any object that was originated outside the body. Most of the references to FB involve their entrance through natural orifices into hollow organs, thus one of the most common locations for a FB is the digestive tract.

1. Abstract 1.1. Background: Cavity formation filled with air in the inferior turbinate is very rare. Hitherto, only 13 cases of inferior turbinate concha bullosa have been reported. I present an additional case discovered during the evaluation of a patient with chronic rhinosi- nusitis.

1. Abstract Obesity is defined as the early deposition of adipose tissue caused by a consistent caloric intake that exceeds the individual’s caloric needs. As a worldwide issue, the rising incidence of obesity is a major source of concern—not because of sickness, but because of excess. Obesity is linked to a number of ailments, the most serious of which might be type 2 diabetes, and the fundamental reason for this link is obesity’s proclivity to develop insulin resistance.

1. Abstract 1.1. Aim: Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in the activity of β-glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal enzyme. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of GD can maximize the effectiveness of treatment effect. However, diagnosing GD is challenging and tends to be delayed because its early clinical manifestations and severity are highly heterogeneous and nonspecific, and may present at any age from early infancy to mature adulthood.

1. Abstract Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by an acute and transient left ventricular dysfunction usually triggered by an emotional or physical stressful event. The hallmark of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a presentation similar to acute coronary syndrome but with no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease.

Review Use of the waterpipe is increasing daily by all ages and sexes. Since waterpipe smoking came to the west, especially among young adults, it has become a global trend [1].

1. Abstract 1.1. Background: Adult intussusception is rare, in sharp contrast to childhood intussusception. It’s often considered a distinct disease entity from the paediatric intussusception because of dissimilarities in the aetiology, clinical presentation and management options. Operative treatment is mandatory for the management of colonic intussusception in the adult patient as many cases are associated with bowel tumours.

1. Abstract 1.1. Background: Noninfectious lesions may be classified as inflammatory and papulo squamous (e.g., psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen nitidus and lichen sclerosis et atrophicus).

1. Summary Lead is a heavy metal that has been used since ancient times, including in the production of wine with the aim of sweetening and reducing acidity. In the 1920s, this compound was added to gasoline, believing that it would result in better functioning of the automobile engine.

1. Abstract 1.1. Background: Globally, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness, next to cataract. As per American academy of ophthalmology study 2014, it was estimated that 76 million people worldwide would suffer from glaucoma by 2020, and it is expected that by 2040 that number will increase to 111.8 million.