November 20, 2023

1. Abstract 1.1. Introduction: An anal fissure (fissure-in-Ano) is a small, oval- shaped tear in the skin that lines the opening of the anus which is quite common in the general population. Anal fissures are either acute or chronic. Chronic fissures typically require surgical treatment, despite the emergence of new conservative techniques, such as nitric oxide donors. Surgical options include fissurectomy and lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS).

1. Abstract 1.1. Background: MUC5B is a major gel forming mucin in the lung that plays a key role in mucociliary clearance and host defense that is secreted from proximal submucosal glands and distal airway secretory cells.