Thoracoscopic Neuroprotective Phrenotomy; A New Surgical Technique for Idio- pathic Incurable Chronic Hiccups
1. Abstract 1.1. Background The hiccups are caused by contractions of the diaphragm muscle, which causes the end of inspiration due to premature closure of the epiglottis. Hiccups, which also cause contraction of the intercostal muscles, are involuntary and spasmodic.
